Παρασκευή 30 Σεπτεμβρίου 2016

Υπαίθρια ιερά της αρχαίας Θράκης.

Εισαγωγή


Στην έρευνα αυτή παρουσιάζω μερικές κοσμικές ιεροφάνειες/θεοφάνειες, που εντοπίσαμε* στην περιοχή της Θράκης, με την ιερότητα να αποκαλύπτεται σε διάφορα κοσμικά επίπεδα, τη Γη, τα Νερά, τους Βράχους. Αυτές οι ιεροφάνειες περιγράφουν τη διαλεκτική του ιερού, καθώς και τις δομές μέσα στις οποίες τοποθετείται σε κάποια δεδομένη ιστορική στιγμή, δείχνοντας την προσήλωση των Θρακών σε ένα τρόπο σκέψης σαφώς αρχαϊκό, περιβάλλοντας την πέτρα ή το νερό με το γόητρο της ιερότητας. Η στερεότητα, η τραχύτητα, η διάρκεια της ύλης, αντιπροσωπεύει για τη θρησκευτική συνείδηση του πρωτόγονου μια ιεροφάνεια. Τα νερά εξαγνίζουν, αναγεννούν, θεραπεύουν, προφητεύουν εξασφαλίζουν την αιώνια ζωή, απορροφούν το κακό, χάρη στη δύναμη αφομοίωσης και αποσύνθεσης που διαθέτουν. Συνδυαζόμενα νερό και πέτρα-βράχος, ενσωματώνουν μια ιεροφάνεια και αποτελούν τις στοιχειώδεις έννοιες του ιερού τόπου.
Οι πιο αρχαϊκοί ιεροί τόποι που γνωρίζουμε, συνιστούν έναν μικρόκοσμο
από τοπία με πέτρες, δάση, παρουσία νερού, (πηγές, ρυάκια, ποτάμια ), λαξεύσεις ζώων ή φυτών · όλα αυτά αποτελούν τοτεμικά κέντρα των αρχέγονων ιερών τόπων. Η ελκυστική άποψη ότι η λατρεία των ζώων ή των φυτών, που ως περισσότερο πρωτόγονη προηγήθηκε της πίστης σε ανθρωπόμορφους θεούς επιβεβαιώνεται στη Θράκη, καθώς η ανακάλυψη του τοτεμισμού ως πρωταρχική μορφή θρησκείας μας οδηγεί στη γνωστή λογική, πως πίσω από τους θεούς των Ελλήνων, ανακαλύπτονται πρόδρομοί τους ζώα και φυτά που λατρεύονταν ως θεοί, ζώα-θεοί και φυτά-θεοί.( BURKERT 1993, 151). Στη Θράκη της πρώιμης εποχής του σιδήρου 1050-7ος αι. π.Χ. οι ιεροί χώροι αποκαλύπτονται από την παρουσία ολόγλυφων πέτρινων-λίθινων μανιταριών και αργότερα με την λάξευση ανθρωπόμορφων κογχών, που απεικονίζουν τη θεότητα της γης τη Δήμητρα ή Μεγάλη Μητέρα. Σ’ αυτό το άρθρο, δημοσιεύω επιλεκτικά οκτώ ιερά, (Χάρτης 1), επτά από τα οποία βρίσκονται στην περιοχή του νότιου και κεντρικού Νομού Έβρου και ένα στο Νομό Ροδόπης. Κύριο συστατικό των ιεροφανειακών αυτών χώρων, είναι άλλοτε το τοτεμικό σύμβολο, που ορίζει το τοτεμικό κέντρο και άλλοτε ανθρωπόμορφες λαξεύσεις βράχων και menhir, που ο άνθρωπος λάξευσε σε χώρους που του αποκαλύπτονται λόγω του προσανατολισμού τους, της ιδιαίτερης τοποθεσίας τους, του περίεργου βραχώδους περιγράμματός τους, ή λόγω της παρουσίας του νερού κάποιας πηγής. Στο χάρτη που παραθέτω,
σημειώνω σε πράσινο πλαίσιο τον αύξοντα αριθμό που αντιστοιχεί στα υπαίθρια ιερά και τις ιεροφάνειες που περιγράφω και σχολιάζω με την σχετική
βιβλιογραφία. Εύχομαι, οι συντεταγμένες που παραθέτω για τα μνημεία, να μην αποτελέσουν αιτία καταστροφής τους, όπως το μνημείο α/α : 7, εικ.11, που πιθανόν καταστράφηκε από θησαυροκυνηγούς ή από κάποιους ηθικολόγους
επιστήμονες των μυστηριακών θρησκειών, καθώς οι πρώτοι διαθέτουν πανάκριβους ανιχνευτές μετάλλων και δεν συνηθίζουν να καταστρέφουν
αν δεν εντοπίσουν πολύτιμο μέταλλο.



Τρίτη 20 Σεπτεμβρίου 2016

Το Μητρώο της ακρόπολης του Αγίου Γεωργίου του χωριού Πετρωτά Ροδόπης

«Το εν λόγω µνηµείο εντόπισα τον Δεκέµβριο του 2015, και αµέσως έστειλα περίληψη για να συµµετάσχω στο δεύτερο διεθνές µεγαλιθικό Συνέδριο του Blagoevgrad που πραγµατοποιείται τον Οκτώβριο του 2016. Θεωρώντας αδιανόητο ένα υπαίθριο ιερό αυτού του µεγέθους της Ελληνικής Αιγιακής Θράκης να δηµοσιεύεται στο εξωτερικό χωρίς πρώτα να γίνει γνωστό στους κατοίκους της, ανακοινώνω περίληψη του άρθρου µου µε σκοπό την ενηµέρωση του αναγνωστικού κοινού όσο αφορά τις λατρείες, τις πεποιθήσεις και τα τελετουργικά δρώµενα των αρχαίων Θρακών της περιοχής µας».

Ο νεόκτιστος ναός του Αγίου Γεωργίου Πετρωτών βρίσκεται στην κορυφή του βραχώδους ασβεστολιθικού υψώµατος (h= 268 m) που δεσπόζει του οµώνυµου χωριού πολύ κοντά στον δρόµο που οδηγεί στην παραλία των Πετρωτών (φωτ. 1). Η παράδοση αναφέρει ότι στη µνήµη του Αγίου γίνονταν γιορτές όπου κάθε χρόνο πήγαινε από µόνο του ένα ελάφι για να θυσιαστεί.1 Η συλλογική µνήµη κράτησε ζωντανή τη θυσιαστήρια τελετή προς τη θεότητα, καθώς αυτή τεκµηριώνεται από τα πολλά λαξευµένα στο βράχο της ακρόπολης θυσιαστήρια που φέρουν διαµπερείς οπές για το δέσιµο των ζώων προς σφαγή (Φωτ. 2).
Το σηµαντικότερο σηµείο της ακρόπολης είναι τα δύο λαξευµένα στο βράχο καθίσµατα (θρόνοι) δίπλα σε ένα παραλληλόγραµµου σχήµατος θυσιαστήριο µε οπή εκροής στη βάση του, καθώς και διαµπερή οπή λαξευµένη στο βραχώδες πλαίσιο του θυσιαστηρίου. Τα δύο καθίσµατα (θρόνοι), το ένα ευρύχωρο και το δεύτερο στενότερο, ήταν αφιερωµένα το πρώτο στην Μεγάλη Μητέρα Θεά , Κυβέλη ή Δήµητρα και το δεύτερο στον πάρεδρο της Μεγάλης Μητέρας που δεν µπορεί να είναι άλλος από τον Δι-όνυσο (Φωτ. 3). Τέτοιους θρόνους συναντούµε στα βραχώδη ιερά της Κυβέλης στη Φρυγία και όλη την βορειοδυτική Μ. Ασία, όπου το θυσιαστήριο είναι ο ίδιος ο θρόνος που στο κάθισµα φέρει µια οπή για τη θυσία.2
Ένα υποτυπώδες µονοπάτι πάνω στα βράχια µε κατεύθυνση ανατολής - δύσης οδηγεί στη ρίζα του βράχου της ακρόπολης. Εκεί συναντούµε δύο λαξευµένες τοξωτές ταφικές κόγχες (-τα µάτια της θεάς) (Φωτ. 4). Πιο πάνω σύρριζα του θεόρατου βράχου κυριαρχεί µια κυκλική λεκάνη λαξευµένη στο βράχο. Αρκετές λαξευµένες τρύπες η µία δίπλα στην άλλη περιείχαν πασσάλους (- καθώς δεν πρόκειται για τελετουργικές οπές για προσφορές) οριοθετώντας ένα διάδροµο που περνάει µεταξύ των στενών τοι-χωµάτων του θεόρατου βράχου και της κυκλικής λεκάνης. Στο σηµείο αυτό στην κορυφή του ψηλού βράχου είναι εµφανή ίχνη παλαιότερης ροής νερού, που έρεε πάνω από τον βράχο προς το βααπτηστή-ρι, σε µια αποτελεσµατική τελετουργία καθαρµού των υποψήφιων µυστών (Φωτ. 5).
Ο βραχώδης χώρος κάτω από την κυκλική λεκάνη (βαπτιστήρι) είναι λαξευµένος µε πολλές κοιλότητες µονές ή διπλές συνδεδεµένες µεταξύ τους, όπου οι υποψήφιοι µύστες µετά τους καθαρµούς θυσίαζαν (Φωτ. 6).
Όλες αυτές οι πολλαπλές τελετουργικές λαξεύσεις στο βράχο και τα θυσιαστήρια µε τα αυλάκια, είναι τα λατρευτικά σηµάδια των παρακλήσεων των αρχαίων Θρακών που απευθύνονται στη Μητέρα Θεά επιβεβαιώνοντας την ιερότητα του τόπου. Ο πιστός λαξεύοντας το βράχο, προσπαθούσε µε τις διάφορες επεξεργασίες της επιφάνειάς του να σχίσει αυτό το κάλυµµα και να προσεγγίσει όσο το δυνατόν περισσότερο την ενδόµυχη θεϊκή ύπαρξη ικανοποιώντας την µε τη ροή του αίµατος, παρέχοντας µια µυστηριώδη ζωή στον αδρανή βράχο ο οποίος µέσω των λαξεύσεων µετατρεπόταν σε βράχο γεµάτο ζωή. Οι λαξευµένες ταφικές τοξωτές κόγχες στα βραχώδη εξάρµατα που βρίσκονται στην περίµετρο νότια της ακρόπολης, χρησίµευαν ως χώροι τελε-τουργικής αποσάρκωσης των νεκρών, (Φωτ. 7) τα εναποµείναντα οστά των οποίων τοποθετούνταν σε οριζόντιες κοιλότητες που λαξεύονταν στον βράχο µε πέτρινο κάλυµµα, που τοποθετούνταν σε λαξευµένο αυλάκι (πατούρα) (Φωτ. 8).
Οι άλλες µικρότερες ταφικές κόγχες στο κύριο σώµα του βράχου της ακρόπολης, συναινούν στον συνδυα-σµό του χώρου ως ιερού και παράλληλα ως ταφικού µνηµείου. Αδιαµφισβήτητα οι ενταφιασµένοι νεκροί γύρω και µέσα στον ιερό βράχο ζητούν την προστασία της θεότητας και την συνύπαρξη - συγκατοίκηση µαζί της, καθώς αυτός είναι ο χώρος στον οποίο εκδηλώνεται η θεότητα. Προφανώς οι ενταφιασµένοι στο βράχο νεκροί πέρασαν τις τελετουργίες και τους καθαρµούς και πηγαίνουν να ζήσουν µε την θεότητα, επιβεβαιώνοντας τις αναφορές του Πλάτωνα στο
Φαίδρο 3: «ὁ δέ κεκαθαρμένος τε καί τετελεσμένος ἐκεῖσε ἀφικόμενος μετά θεῶν οἰκήσει».
Υπάρχει µια τελετή περάσµατος, όπου ο αµύητος µεταβάλλεται στο τέλος σε πραγµατικό µύστη. Πολύτιµο διαβατήριο για τη µύηση είναι η µετάληψη
του µύστη που τον ενώνει µε το θεό και του δίνει την ελπίδα της ευδαιµονικής αθανασίας. Αυτό συνδέει τη µυητική ιεροπραξία µε ένα ιερό χώρο µύησης, συνήθως σπήλαια σύµβολα θηλυκής αρχής και µήτρα της Μητέρας Γης, καθώς και τόπος του ιερού γάµου, όπου λαµβάνει χώρα η µυστική τελείωση και εκπληρώνεται η επαφή µε το θείο στοιχείο στο τέλος της οποίας ο αµύητος θα έχει µεταβληθεί σε πραγµατικό µύστη. Η σπηλιά µε τα δύο ανοίγµατα στη ρίζα του βράχου, πολύ πιθανόν να έπαιζε το ρόλο του κέ-ντρου της τελετουργικής µύησης4 (Φωτ. 9).
Οι θρόνοι στην ακρόπολη δίπλα στο θυσιαστήριο χρησίµευαν ως εµβλήµατα των θεοτήτων (Μητέρας και Παρέδρου) αλλά και ως ενθύµηση της αόρατης παρουσίας τους σε ανθρώπινες διαστάσεις. Ο µοναχικός θρόνος νότια του Αη Γιώργη πιθανόν να προοριζόταν για τον ενθρονισµό του µύστη.5 Ο θρόνος είναι ένα σύµβολο υπεροχής πάνω στους άλλους θεούς και χαρακτηριστικό του κυρίαρχου που βασιλεύει, σύµβολο βασιλικής και πνευµατικής καταγωγής6.
Καταλήγοντας, µπορούµε να αναγνωρίσουµε την ακρόπολη του Αγίου Γεωργίου Πετρωτών ως ένα Μητρώο, αφιερωµένο στον εορτασµό των µυστηρίων της Μεγάλης Μητέρας Θεάς, ζωοδότρας και παράλληλα χθόνιας θεά του θανάτου, δίπλα στην οποία συνυπάρχει µια άλλη θεότητα όπως επιβε-βαιώνεται από το δεύτερο κάθισµα (θρόνο) δίπλα στο θυσιαστήριο. Με βάση την βιβλιογραφία και την ερµηνεία παρόµοιων ιερών στη Φρυγία, Μυσία (Τουρκία)7 και την Βουλγαρία,8 συµπεραίνουµε ότι πρόκειται για µια ανδρική θεότητα, ένα πάρεδρο
της Θεάς, που στην Ελληνική Αιγιακή Θράκη δεν µπορεί να είναι άλλος από τον Διόνυσο ή τον Άττι αν πρόκειται για την φρυγική Κυβέλη, ή τον Καδµήλο το νεώτερο των Καβείρων που έχει πολλές οµοιότητες µε το Διόνυσο. Η παρουσία άλλωστε του Διονύσου ως παρέδρου δίπλα στη Μεγάλη Θεά εντοπίζεται σε πολλά ιερά της Θεάς στη Μακεδονία (Λητή, Λευκόπετρα Βερµίου, Βεργίνα, Πέλλα, Ποτίδαια, Θεσσαλονίκη) καθώς η λατρεία της Θεάς έχει στενή σχέση µε το Διόνυσο ως προς τη γονιµική και οργια-στική διάστασή της, γι’ αυτό συχνά οι δύο θεότητες συλλατρεύονται.9
Η παρουσία του βαπτηστηρίου, των θυσιαστηρίων, του σπηλαίου και ενός µοναχικού λαξευµένου θρό-νου δίπλα στον ναό του Αγ. Γεωργίου, µαρτυρούν τελετές µυήσεων και θρονισµού, όπως αυτές που γίνονταν στη γειτονική Σαµοθράκη και είναι το πρώτο Μητρώο που τεκµηριώνει την διείσδυση των καβείριων µυστηρίων στην ενδοχώρια της Θράκης.
Σηµειώσεις
1. Triandaphyllos 1984, 10-19
2. Berndt-Ersöz 2006
3. Pl. Phdr. 69 c
4. Cooper 1992, βλέπε λέξη «σπήλαιο»
5. Pl. Euth. 277 d
6. Οm. Ιl. 8,436, 442
7. Berndt-Ersöz 2006
8. Fol 2007, 347-377
9. Stefani 2010-2012,108
Βιβλιογραφία
Berndt-Ersöz 2006: S. Berndt-Ersöz, Phrygian Rock-Cut Shrines, Structure, Function, and Cult Practice, vol. 25, in (ed) T. Schneider, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, ed. Brill, Leiden/Boston, 2006
Fol 2007: V.Fol, Rock Topoi of Faith in the Eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor During the Antiquity in, Studia Thracica 10, 2007, 347-377
Stefani 2010-2012: Ε. Στεφανή, Η λατρεία της Μητέρας των θεών στη Λευκόπετρα Βερµίου,
Μακεδονικά 39, 2010-2012, 99-123
Triandaphyllos 1984: Δ. Τριαντάφυλλος, Η προϊ-στορία στο χώρο της δυτικής Θράκης, Αρχαιο-λογία 13, 1984, 10-19
*Ο Σταύρος Κιοτσέκογλου είναι Αρχαιολόγος,
Μέλος ΕΤΕΠ του Εργαστηρίου Λαογραφίας και
Κοινωνικής Ανθρωπολογίας, του Τµήµατος
Ιστορίας – Εθνολογίας, της Σχολής Κλασικών και
Ανθρωπιστικών Σπουδών του ΔΠΘ



Δευτέρα 19 Σεπτεμβρίου 2016

STONE MUSHROOMS OF THRACIAN MEGALITHIC



STONE MUSHROOMS OF THRACIAN MEGALITHIC
SANCTUARIES IN THE AEGEAN THRACE: A ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL APPROACH
Stavros D. Kiotsekoglou - Spyros P. Pagkalis
The stone mushrooms in the Aegean Thrace, that were located in Southern Evros (Kirki), central Evros (Petrotopos Kotronia, Lagyna, Dadia, Kornofolia) constitute a common phenomenon of Thracian megalithic sanctuaries that have the mushroom as a totemic symbol. With this form Thracians used to portray the omnipotent deity they worshipped. Usually a sculptured anthropomorphic niche next to it represents an earthy female deity that is co – worshipped. These forms take advantage of pre-existing natural geological features and you can find them in various geological environments. Their material varies from conglomerates with silica matrix in the Kirki area to a soft argilized brecia dyke in the Lagyna area (all of them are of the local bed rock). In some of them the human intervention to the natural rock is clear.
Introduction
Μy presentation shall focus on certain cosmic Epiphaneies that have been found by the EPOFE Research Team in the Aegean Thrace, revealing the divine on various cosmic levels: the Earth, the Water, the Rocks. These Epiphaneies describe the dialectics of the sanctuary as well as the structures it is placed at a certain historical point underlining the primitive Thracian people’s way of thinking according to which the stone or the water is linked to sanctity. The solidity, the roughness, the duration of the matter all represent an Epiphaneia in the religious consciousness. The water sublimates, rebirths, heals, prophesies, reassure the eternal life, absorb the evil due to the absorptive and decomposing power. Water and stone-rock emerge in one and result in an Epiphaneia and are the main elements of the sacred place.
The most ancient sacred monuments we are aware of take the form of a microcosm, where one can trace stones, forests, water (springs, streams, rivers), paintings of animals or plants. All the above-mentioned are totemic centres of the ancient sacred places. The popular belief according to which the animal or plant worshipping preceded that of anthropomorphic gods is corroborated in Thrace. This corroboration relies on the fact that totemism as an original form of religion leads us to the system of belief in which animals and plants functioned as forerunners of the ancient Greek gods, that is animals-gods and plants-gods ( Burkert 1993, 151). In Thrace of the Early Iron Age (1050-7th century BCE) and in the following years, the sacred places are revealed on engraved stone mushrooms
and even the presence of anthropomorphic niches depict the deity of the Earth, the Mother Goddess, Demeter or Cybele. The main and basic element of these sacred places is either the totemic symbol, which determines the totemic center or anthropomorphic stone carvings and menhirs.
Geological Approach: General. If you walk along the hills and the mountain valleys of the Aegean Thrace, there is a great probability to fall upon some stone monuments of the Thracian people who lived in the area in ancient times. You will be certainly intrigued by the shape of some of these monuments which resemble mushrooms. Why this form was chosen by the Ancient Thracians has or will be defined by archaeologists. The problem that a geologist has to resolve is this one: are these mushroom shaped stones genuine artifacts or are they natural occurred.
The only way to be absolutely certain about this is to find a mushroom of a non local rock, a rock different than the rocks you find in the area. In few words I will give you a summary of the geology of the region.
Geology of the region. At the bottom of the rock formations there is a basement complex which forms the Rhodope Massif. This comprises meta-sediments, gneisses and amphibolites, thought to be of Palaeozoic age. The rocks show multiple phases of deformation and metamorphism and occur in a series of thrust sheets and isoclinal folds. Unconformably overlying the Massif is a sequence of metamorphosed Mesozoic rocks which form the Circum-Rhodope Belt. This sequence largely comprises meta-sedimentary and meta-volcanic series that are thought to represent a series of island arcs related to underlying subduction-related magmatism. The series were folded, metamorphosed and thrust onto the Rhodope Massif during the Alpine Orogenesis, in late-Cretaceous times, creating a larger basement block which subsequently acted as an integral unit.
During the Tertiary, the collision of the African and Eurasian plates resulted in the development of subduction-related volcanic activity along an 800 km island arc which extended westwards from northern Turkey, under the Rhodope Massif and curved northwards towards Yugoslavia. A number of volcano-sedimentary basins bounded by syn-sedimentary normal faults formed in areas of divergent stress within the Massif, such as that in the Sappes area. A basal series of Middle Eocene age comprising conglomerate with marl and nummulitic limestone, and an Upper Eocene series of conglomerates, shales, sandstones and interlayered volcanics were deposited within the basins. During Oligocene times, volcanic activity resulted in the development of a series of andesites, dacites and
rhyolites emplaced as tuffs, volcanic breccias and domes, and sub-volcanic rhyolitic porphyry dykes and granitoid plutonic stocks.
A widespread series of Neogene and Quaternary sediments, comprising both terrestrial and marine facies overlie the earlier formations.
Worshipping
How do we determine on the sanctuary or the sacred place? The Homeric Hymn which is dedicated to Demeter and is dated back to the 7th or the beginning of the 6th century, narrates incidents that had occurred in the Mycenaean period, long before it was composed. As one can see in lines 270-272 the construction of a temple in Eleusina is under request: “Come! and build, for Demeter a splendid temple, and an altar too, on top of the prominent hill.” The temple, the altar and the presence of water are thus the main characteristics of the sanctuary of the prehistoric and historic times, all of which we shall trace in the open air sanctuaries that are to be described. In the archaeology of religion what is deemed to be necessary is the religious ritual that presupposes cult acts to the deity or the supernatural being, as Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn mention. The four main categories are:1) focusing of attention, 2) the boundary zone between this world and the next, 3) the presence of the deity 4) Participation and offering. (Renfrew-Bahn 2001, 425-428) Therefore “The stone mushrooms of Thrace” and the anthropomorphic niches are accepted as sanctuaries or sacred places since they fulfill several of the above mentioned criteria.
The sacred stone mushroom (Epiphaneia) of Lagyna Nr.1
GeorgaphicalCoordinates 41° 06΄ 07.001΄΄ 26° 15΄ 54.221΄΄ The photograph was taken on : 11-10-2008
Photograph Companion:1. Dimensions: Height 4 m. stem perimeter 5m. Found by Angelos Nalbandis
At the area around Lagyna village you can see a stone hillock standing upright on a slope with its upper part resembling a pointed shape. (Fig.1 ) The rich morphology of the adjacent stones and rocks and the bizarre outlines had an important significance for the religious consciousness of the primitive man, who shaped a lower mushroom-like hill turning it into a more intense mushroom-like stone. Its sanctity stems from the view of the surrounding landscape, the impression that the geography of the area creates and the fact
that the rays of the sun illuminate the top of the stone mushroom once they have been over the pointed top. All the above influence the primitive man’s religious consciousness.
Hand-made pottery has been found 300 m. southern within the enclosure and dates back to the Iron Age (9th – 8th cent. BCE).
GA: This is a breccia dyke, clasts and matrix are the same rock and it is intensively argilised (dyke is a column of rock; the breccia is comprised from angular clasts and matrix that connects these clasts). The surrounding rock was eroded away and a part of the dyke stood free. It was easy for the ancient sculptor to shape it according to his wishes due to the softness of the rock.
The stone sanctuary of Lagyna with the anthropomorphic niche Nr.2
Georgaphical Coordinates 41ο 10΄ 75΄΄ 26ο 27΄ 19΄΄ Altitude : 178 m. Photograph Companion: 2. Found by
Stamatis Palazis. The photograph was taken on : 20-05-2010
On the south slope of the “Psilokorifi” hillock at the Lagyna area we can see two anthropomorphic elongated niches carved on the rock (fig. 2) acknowledges an open air Thracian sanctuary dedicated to a female earth deity, the Mother Goddess, Demeter, Cybele or Bendis. A stone basin with stone-cut channel had been carved over the anthropomorphic niche, fact which allows the interpretation of the existence of an altar to honour the chthonic Mother. House foundations and winepress have been found underneath the anthropomorphic niche.
The sacred stone mushroom (Epiphaneia) of the Petrotopos, Kotronias area Nr.3
Geographical Coordinates : 41ο 08΄ 29.567΄΄ 26ο 04΄ 00.354΄΄Altitude : 559 m. Dimensions : 1,40 m.
Photograph Companion : The photograph was taken on: 21-11-2008. Found by Angelos Nalbandis
At the area of Petrotopos, a place on the stone mountain range of Rhodope, they have found monumental tombs, dolmens, which enrich the challenging chapter of the Thracian prehistory, aiding to a better understanding of the esoteric secrets.
(Triandaphyllos 1980, 152, fig.10. Τριαντάφυλλος 1994,42).
Nearly thirty dolmens and burial cysts cover the area of the small plateau on the north elongated side of which a small stream flows. In a place above the stream where local schist was vaguely resembling a mushroom, Thracian artisans carved it to what we see today. (Fig. 3) The carving of the stone mushroom, i.e. a totemic symbol, turned the
rock into an Epiphaneia which is not a worldly object anymore; it acquires a new dimension, that of sanctity. (Eliade 1981,54-56).
It goes without saying that the mushroom comprises the expression of immortality, the birth with no seeds (parthenogenesis) and the continuous rebirth, fact that surprised the ancient people even more when the consumption of some entheogenic mushrooms caused visions, inspiring thus the religious sentiment to the man who felt restricted by new invisible powers, that were interpreted as contact with the deity.
GA: This is comprised entirely from schist and is cris-crossed by quartz veining. The schist is part of the Circum-Rhodope Belt. Initially a part of the schist slipped along the schistosity plane and was cut from the main rock body. This produced a vaguely mushroom shape and the ancient sculptors gave it the form we see today.
The sacred stone mushroom (Epiphaneia) of Dadia Nr. 4
The photograph was taken on: 30-06-2011. Photograph Companion : Found by K. Pistolas
At the area “Duo Vrahi” (Two Rocks) near the Dadia village and specifically on the southeast side of one of these two rocks we witness elongated (fig. 4) and semicircular burial niches that have been carved on the rocky side with an iron tool as well as an alley for easier access to the top of the hillock and the carved tombs. A menhir in shape of a mushroom has been carved on the left hand side of the above mentioned rock (fig.4), the existence of which stands along to the burial niches in Petrotopos and Kirki reassuring the dead that their god, the stone mushroom deity will not leave them in the inglorious darkness that the non-initiated shades dwell.
The east side of the second rock bears basin carvings around the two burial niches that were possibly for offerings to the buried dead. On the back side of the rock you can see a ledge that had been carved with anthropomorphic characteristics.
The stone sanctuary of Kirki with the anthropomorphic niche Nr. 5
Geographical Coordinates : 40° 58΄ 48΄΄ 25° 48΄ 25 ΄΄ Altitude : 219 m.Photograph Companion :
Found by St.Kiotsekoglou. Date: 20-01-2001
We can see a characteristic Thracian necropolis that belonged to the Cicones 1300 m to the northeast of the Kirki village on a wide stone hillock. There are two streams flowing through the rocky hillock from north to south and are supplied with water from the
springs on the slopes of the Panigiri mountain. On the west and east side of the rocky hillock we can see carved tombs – niches and basins on the tombs, which were used for offerings to the buried dead. On the east side of the rocky hillock we can see a carved anthropomorphic niche. (Fig.5) 15 metres further north than the anthropomorphic niche there exists an oval rock carved in shape of a table with a flat top surface. A natural rock stands between the stone table and the anthropomorphic niche and the basin-like shape on top corroborates its usage as an altar. Smaller burial niches lie underneath the anthropomorphic niche. The presence of water, the anthropomorphic Mother Goddess, Cybele, Demeter or Persephone and the stone table all document that besides a burial space it was also a gathering worshipping place, that is a “sacred place”, reassuring an open-air Thracian sanctuary in honour of a female deity as depicted on the silver- and gold-plated tablets bearing facial characteristics (fig.6) that have been found at Demeter’s sanctuary at the Zoni (-Mesimvria) site (Βαβρίτσας 1973, 70-86, πίν.93β).
The archaeological investigations at the site of Kirki provide us with interesting facts about the Iron Age (1050-7th cent. BCE). My hypothesis on the chronology of the anthropomorphic niche after the 7th century BCE is based on the fact that Greeks established the Zoni (– Mesimvria) colony towards the end of 7th and the beginning of 6th
BCE. Their worshipping of anthropomorphic gods influenced the Thracian tribes.
(Tριαντάφυλλος 1994, 36)
The sacred stone mushroom (Epiphaneia) A of Kirki Nr.6
Photograph Companion : Dimensions : Height 1.40 m. Found by Alexander Hennig & Stavros Kiotsekoglou Date : 23-03-09
A stone mushroom carved on the natural rock stands upright 50 metres to the north of the open-air sanctuary with the anthropomorphic niche. (Fig.8) Small basins have been carved on the rock next to the stone mushroom and they were used as a place for offerings to the deity the mushroom depicted. A stream flows before the stone mushroom and the basins and is supplied with water by the Panigiri mountain springs.
At this open-air sanctuary with the mushroom as its totemic symbol, the offerings to the seminal deity took place in October, when the mushrooms appear in large numbers.
Two feasts were celebrated in Dionysus’ honour: the spring Anthesteria and the autumn Dionysean Mysteries, also known as Ambrosia (=the gods’ food) In October they celebrated the bacchic feasts in Thrace and Thessaly, the Ambrosia, named after the autumn Dionysean feast, at which the hallucinogenic mushroom inspired divine madness.
(Graves 1998, 235, 446). A tomb monument from Dascyllus, ancient Bithynia, on the south coast of the Black Sea informs us about the symbolism of the mushroom as a sacred mediator with the world of the dead. (Fig.13) The dead Lysandra is depicted seated between two butterfly-souls on the carved niche on the cap of the mushroom, whereas Hermes the psychopomp is depicted carved on the stem of the mushroom among dag drawings. Hermes was just a sacred mediator, a messenger between the world and the Underworld. “Hecate’s chthonic dogs and the soul depictions suggest that Lysandra had been initiated to some mystery religion, probably the great Eleusinian rite. Or judging by the splendid tomb monument she may have been a priestess who had tried the special mushroom communion, which was intended for the chosen only”. (Ruck 2009, 63) The mushrooms of Kirki (fig. 7, 8, 9,) with the carved niches intended for the first fruits offerings assuredly reveal their worshipping purpose.
GA: The head is a silica matrix conglomerate. The upper part of the body is a soft rock in the process to become sandstone. This rock is abundant in the area; it is a river-stream deposit, soft and easily eroded- weathered. The lower part of the body is also a conglomerate.The shape was produced once again by erosion –weathering and the effect was intensified by the work of the ancient sculptors.
The sacred stone mushroom (Epiphaneia) B of Kirki Nr.7
Photograph Companion: Fig. 8. Dimensions: Height 2.5 m. Found by Antonis Roussis, St. Kiotsekoglou, Stylianos
Tziamtzis. Date: 23-02-2004
The stone mushroom is situated 500 m far from monuments Nr. 5 and 6. The 2.5m high rock carved in shape of a mushroom (fig. 8) is straightforward associated with the water element. A small stream supplied with water by a nearby spring flows on the left hand side of the menhir and on the right hand side, 30 metres far from it a river flows through the level and large plateau of Kirki. As I have already mentioned the association spring (water) – stone defines the most ancient sacred place. (Eliade 1981)
The sacred stone mushroom (Epiphaneia) C of Kirki with the burial niche Nr.8
Photograph Companion: Fig. 9. Dimensions: Height: 3.70 m. Burial niche length: 1.35m. Width: 0.75 m
Found by Alexander Henning and Stavros Kiotsekoglou. Date: 30-03-2008
The stone mushroom was carved on the already existent rock on its north and west side as it is apparent nowadays and there exists a carved burial niche as well as a basin on
the stem for offering rites to the buried dead people.(Fig.9) The association stone mushroom – water – burial niches has become known through the megalithic mushroom of the dolmens monumental cemetery at Kotronias (Nr.3), Dadia (Nr.4) and the stone mushroom at the necropolis of Cicones at Kirki (Nr.6) The similarity and the association of the Thracian deity-mushroom with Dionysus and the ruler of the realm of the dead clearly show that the Cicones worship a seminal god, who is the God of the rebirth of life and also protector and mediator with the Underworld at the same time. It is now comprehensible why people used to honour the dead people at several main festivals, such as the Anthesteria and the Agrionia. The priviledged dead (be it male or female) of the burial niche asked god for a unification with him, reassuring the existence of the future of the dead god, the victory over death, the resurrection and their triumphal apotheosis. (Λεκατσά 1999,237-238)
We find similar mushroom-like burial spaces at the burial monuments of the megalithic culture in South India called “hood-stone” (fig. 22) and are associated with the worshipping of the dead. (Samorini 2002, 67-76) We also witness similar mushroom-like burial spaces at burial urns at Etruria, ancient Tarquinia at Tuscan, Ital. (Fig. 21). GA: This comprised by a silica matrix conglomerate head with a softer ferricrite matrix conglomerate body and it is in situ. Both rocks are found locally The mushroom shape was the result of the differential erosion – weathering (the ferricrite body was more readily eroded weathered than the silicified head) and it was enchased by the work of the ancient Thracians who saw a rock looking like a mushroom and sculpted it in order to give a more intense look. This is supported also by the existence of the burial conch in the side of the mushroom. The ceiling of the conch follows the dip of the rock but the floor is cut against the dip creating an oval shape.
The Dionysus Sabazius sanctuary at Magazi (Ancient Zirinia, Zirinis or Zervae) Nr.9
Geographical Coordinates: 26° 30΄ 60΄΄ 41° 13΄ 5΄΄ Altitude: 16 m. Photograph Companion : 10,11,12. Found by Stamatis Palazis. Date : 20 -04-2010.
At the Magazi area which is situated near Kornofolia village, the ancient springs and the road network of the Roman period imply the existence of the ancient town called Zervae or Zirinis which had functioned as a station on the North-South artery route which intersected ancient Via Egnatia near Aenus (Sustal 1991, 504-505. Tab. Peutinger. Seg. VIII 4. Γουρίδης 2006). At the above mentioned site we have found a relief mushroom on
a flat rock next to two carved solar disks (fig. 10,11), which may have been used as a worshipping gathering and rites place, which is reassured by the small wine press(fig. 12), the product (must) of which they used to mix with the entheogenic plant and was the necessary drink for the Dionysus Sabazius rituals (Αr. Vesp, 9-30). The carved solar disks imply worshipping of the Sun since carving or cutting on rocky hillocks is a usual practice in the whole region of Thrace.
The symbolic co-existence of the solar disks and the relief mushroom at the Magazi area confirms the unification of the two worshipping practices, after the mythological Lycurgus' conflict with Dionysus. The two worships, the solar and the chthonic were opposed to Dionysus’ final winning over Lycurgus, the new religion and the unification of the two elements. Homer provides us with this piece of information ( Οd. 9, 196-199) since Maron, who was Apollo’s (God of the Sun) priest, offers Odysseus twelve amphorae of wine, a symbol of Dionysus and the historic period. Also Macrobius refers to the Thracians worshipping some God Sabazius, who merges Dionysus and Sun (Μacrob. Saturn. 1, 18, 11), documenting thus the existence of an open-air sanctuary dedicated to Dionysus Sabazius. The existence of the relief mushroom at the Magazi area did not only symbolize the plant expression of rebirth and the chthonic god it represented, but it also stood as a symbol of the entheogenic plant, which held the “god property” within its subject matter. Its consumption by the faithful or the ritual participants would lead them beyond the boundaries of this world, within the “Divine Presence”. GA:Conclusion. None of stone mushrooms examined was made from rocks transported from other areas. Every one of them was made from local rocks in situ and each of them more or less was sculpted by the worshippers. This work is more obvious in the Lagyna and Kotronia mushrooms.I made no reference to the mushroom glyph at Mangazi because I don’t believe that anyone can really dispute its human origin. There is no way that nature could create this.
The Great Mother Goddess and Dionysus Sabazius
Thrace
The co-existence of stone mushroom and anthropomorphic niche (anthropomorphic – deity) at the rocky sanctuary at Kirki, Lagyna and Dadia area depict the co-existence of a Thracian deity-mushroom (Sabazius), whom the Thracians used to worship and a female deity, the Great Mother Goddess at the same time (Strab. Geog. 10,15), fact which is confirmed through both Homer’s and Hesiod’s work, according to which the gods beared
human characteristics and properties. The Greek colonists who settled the Zoni area believe in such a religious notion and it was at this exact same place where researchers have found Demeter’s sanctuary with the known tablets on which the Thracian earth goddess’s facial characteristics are illustrated. The relief mushroom as well as the solar disks at the Magazi site (Nr.9) corroborate the fact that an open air sanctuary built in honour of an ecstatic deity, which is symbolized by a chthonic and a solar symbol and could be no other than Dionysus Sabazius (Κιοτσέκογλου 2012 ).
Macedonia
Along with the political deities trinity (Zeus, Hercules, Asclepius), in those days they used to worship a great female deity with her two aspects and properties both the maternal and the virgin one merged in one; that is the Mother Goddess at times and also the duality mother-daughter, such as Demeter and Persephone. They used to worship a male deity, who during the Classical and Hellenistic period beared the figure and name of Dionysus. (Hatzopoulos 1994, 52-53 and 60-61).
Amanita Muscaria
The ethnomycologists Gordon and Valentina Wasson in their book titled Μushrooms, Russia and History, Pantheon, New York 1957, assisted by the prominent French mycologist R. Heim and based upon mainly in linguistic data from Sanskrit support that the enigmatic Soma (found in the sacred ancient Vedic Books and referred to at the pantheon of gods) was not (as it has been deemed to the present day) some kind of plant such as Ephedra vulgaris, Asclepias acidum etc., but the Amanita muscaria mushroom(Fig.14).
Some of the traits of the sacred mushroom that are mentioned in the ancient religious Indian literature Rig Veda have led Wasson to identify it to the Agarius mushroom, since the Soma grew in the mountains, it was red, juicy and fleshy, had no leaves, roots, seeds or flowers. Its consumption strengthened power, wisdom and perceptiveness, raised religious energy to excitement to the boundaries of sacred inebriation. According to a Vedic Hymn (Samorini 2002, 18):
“We drank the Soma and transformed to immortal,
We reached light, Gods revealed before us

Who can harm us anymore, what dangers can touch us now
O! Immortal Soma! (…) Drink penetrated into our souls
Immortal to us, the mortal”
Dionysus Sabazius: The God of Ecstasy in ancient iconography
If we have a closer view, it is attested that the ecstatic experience which stems from Dionysian festivals differs from the alcoholic inebriation, of the symptoms of which we are all aware. Wine consumption, but for extremes, does not create hallucinations. The features of the Dionysian ecstasy are enraged stimulation, sexual arousal, remarkable muscular strength, prophetic vision, identification with the deity. Dionysus in his original form was not the god of wine, the image and the properties of this strange deity underwent numerous alterations, before and during his slow entering to the Olympic Gods coterie, until Dionysus transformation to his final form , the god of wine, whom we are aware of, in the way the classical writers had described and bequeathed. The most ancient Dionysian myths included only few hints about the role he should have had during the introduction and invention of the wine. However, no reference was made to Dionysus regarding the origin of the wine and the vine. From his introduction, this deity was directly associated with hallucinogenic plants, the identity of which is subject to much debate and research. (Fig.15) According to the Greek literary tradition, Dionysus was a deity coming from the north and several mythic motifs placed him in the Indo-European religious tradition. Some writers think that Dionysian hallucinogenic substances that preceded the wine and vine are included in the ambrosia (water and honey) and in fermented from wheat and other cereals drinks. However the possible association with the Indo-European cultures creates a direct link of this ecstatic deity to the hallucinogenic mushrooms and especially the Indo-European mushroom Amanita Muscaria. For some writers Dionysus is a Hellenized version of the Thracian-Phrygian Sabazius, whose worship has significant common elements to the Haoma and Soma worships (Wohlberg 1990, 333-342). Several illustrations of Dionysian topic depict wine and clusters of grapes. The frame of these clusters in some cases looks more like a mushroom than a cluster. (Fig.16).
A hypothesis exists that there is a moment in the Greek civilization that the ancient entheogenic Dionysian mushroom becomes a religious taboo and hides under a layer esoteric symbolism.At this time a unification of both symbols, the mushroom and the cluster takes place. The escorts of the God – some of them initiated in Dionysian
mysteries – intentionally tried to conceal the occult knowledge especially that of the mushroom, behind widely recognizable interpretative forms. Thus they created images that were subject to dual reading – interpretation, one the sacred (mushroom) and the other the non religious (cluster of grapes). (Samorini - Camilla 1995, 307-326). In figure (17) we can see the bearded Dionysus, wearing a himation and holding a sprig with a cluster of grapes that in a strange way resemble and have the shape of a mushroom. The God offers Persephone who is sitting on a throne a drinking cup (kantharos). Persephone is holding a rooster and an ear of corn, which are fertility symbols of the animal and the plant world respectively.The irregular shape of the clusters and the regular allocation of the dots on their surface intentionally reminds us of the Agarius mushroom. As it is shown in the above mentioned illustration, we are at the moment of the unification of these two symbols, which are characterized as Dionysus’ special symbols.
(Orsi 1909, 424, fig. 7. Samorini 1998, 60-63).
All the above verify that the special power of the pure wine (with no water in it) attests to the fact that the Greek wine had plant additives, especially the wine used at rituals because it supposed to lead to insanity. (Diog. Laert. 3, 39).
On the short relief from Farsala, Thessaly which is dated back from the second half of the 5th century BCE and is now exhibited in the Louvre museum (fig.18) Demeter and
Persephone, the two goddesses of the Eleusinian Mysteries are shown exchanging plants that are acknowledged as mushrooms. It is possible that on this votive relief the various sources of hallucinations and the Eleusinian visions are depicted. It is also considered that the mushrooms belong to the Dionysus’ sphere and their presence on the votive relief refers to a final period of the Eleusinian worship and psychopharmacology∙ it is thus possible to deem the presence of the mushrooms as Dionysian influence, an influence recognizable after a point in the history of the Eleusinian worship.
One of the three illustration on the outer side of the marble pot (fig.19) we can see an hierophant (it may be Eumolpus, the first Hierophant in the history of Eleusis) pouring water onto the small pig which is to be sacrificed, whereas in his other hand he is holding a plate, on which we can clearly discern three objects, that were defined as opium poppy seeds by Lovatelli. The opium poppy had been the plant of the Eleusinian deities (Lovatelli 1879,5 ff). According to Ruck the width of the stalks is too thick to be a poppy and the shape of these plants resemble more the shape of mushrooms.
Across the Thrace mainland, where the open-air sanctuaries have been found, there is the island of Samothrace and the known Cabeiri Sanctuary where religious activity is
documented even from the 7th century BCE. It was considered that through the Samothrace
Mysteries they achieved safety from sea dangers and fruitful journeys, whereby to face the danger of death and the encountering with the gods of the underworld mainly aimed at protection from death itself. Is it possible that at the initiating rites they used sacred drinks with entheogenic properties so that they could bring humans at the threshold of death and the world of visions? The answer to this question is provided by the illustrated message on the pot (fig.20) which is exhibited in the Thebes Museum and depicts comic figures surrounded by vine, from which we can see hanging huge mushrooms instead of grapes. The dynamic mushroom-like shape of these vines implies a lot, even it is found in the general frame of “schematic representation” of the real clusters, which the researchers acknowledge as a “simple and pure” graphic development. The direct association of the pot with the rituals at the Sacred Cabeiri Sanctuary is documented by the certain bowls that have been found at the Thebes Cabeiri Sanctuary and had been used at similar rituals in relation to the Cabeiri worship.
Six formal criteria are used to establish the identity of Soma with Dionysus (Sabazius) (Wohlberg 1990, 333-342):
1) both cults had the same aim (to cause ecstatic behavior);
2) both cults required the attainment of the same spiritual state (purity);
3) both cults had an idiosyncratic myth in common; 4) both cults showed the identical word root in the name of the worshiped god;
5) both cults had identical zoological and botanical associations with their god;
6) the alcoholic god (Dionysus) was depicted as having the same physical effects on human beings as that of the ancient non alcoholic god (Soma).
The worship of Sabazius, a Thracian-Phrygian god, was known across Greece from the 5th century, whereas in Phrygia they used to worship him as Zeus Sabazius and in Asia
Minor in general, where even earlier, from the Pre-Christian years they had identified him with Attis and Mithras. It was also associated with the worship of Cybele, the Mother-Goddess and Artemis. The tablets on which the god is depicted are mainly small metallic or bigger marble ones, which show him at a hieratic posture, blessing using one or both
hands. (Fig. 23, 24, 25) The characteristic movement of his fingers is of the same hieratic posture when blessing (benedictio latina). The snake dominates the bronze hand which was found in Edessa and it was the snake that was considered as embodiment of the Sabazius.
The snake rolled around the wrist and ended to the basin (Καραμανώλη Μ. Σιγανίδου 1967, 149-155), from which he might have drank the “intoxicating” drink of his rites. Another symbol Sabazius bears is the fir cone – the fir was considered the sacred tree and is illustrated among the three fingers on the hand of Edessa and also on the similar hands that have been found to the present day. The fir and the birch are the botanical bonds of the mushroom the apotheosis of which resulted in Haoma - Soma god.
Concluding
1. Sabazius, who the Cicones of the Early Iron Age worshipped embodied into an entheogenic mushroom god, Amanita Muscaria, which is the same as Haoma – Soma, the god of the ancient Idian – Iranian people. Haoma – Soma was also the source of the sacred immortality drink. The plant entheogenic mushroom-deity they used to worship in Thrace and was called Sabazius, was adopted and incorporated in the deity the Greeks called Dionysus, that is di-wo-nu-so-jo, as it had been first read out on the steles in Pylos (Xa06) and Knossos, dated back from 1450-1200 BCE.
2. The above mentioned stone mushrooms-deities (Nr 3, 4, 6, 8) are found in cemeteries, fact which denotes the association of the mushroom-deity with the buried dead people. This is not to surprise us since the Anthesteria festival, a Dionysian festival was actually an ecstatic festival which had to do with visions of the dead.
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Fig. 1. The sacred stone mushroom of Lagyna Nr.1
Fig.4. Symbolic depiction of menhir stone mushroom in the elevation (Nr.4) near the rock cut tombs of Dadia
Fig.5. Anthropomorphic niche of Kirki Nr.5
Fig. 6. Metal sheet with anthropomorphic characteristics that was found in Sanctuary of
Demetra in the area Zoni.
Fig.2. The stone sanctuary of Lagyna with the antrhropomorphic niche Nr.2
Fig. 3. The sacred stone mushroom (Epiphaneia) of Petrotopos, Kotronias
area Nr.3, which dominates the dolmens
Fig.7. The sacred stone mushroom (Epiphaneia) A of Kirki Nr.6
Fig.8. The sacred stone mushroom (Epiphaneia) B of Kirki Nr.7
Fig.9. The sacred stone mushroom (Epiphaneia) C of Kirki Nr.8 with the burial niche
Fig.10. Bass relief mushroom at
Magazi Nr.9
Fig. 11. Two carved solar disks with bass relief mushroom
Fig. 12. Wine-press near the relief mushroom
Fig. 13. Tomb monument of
Lysandra from Dascyllus ancient Bithynia.
Fig. 14. Amanita muscaria var. Flavivolvata
Fig. 16. Red-figure crater with Semeli, Dionysos and
Hermes representation, late 4th cent.BC., Tampa
Florida
Fig.17. Pinax from the sanctuary of Persephone at Locri, first half of 5th cent.
BC., Reggio Calabria Museum
Fig. 15. Black-figure vase depicting mushrooms between Dionysus and
Satyr
Fig. 18. Relief from Farsala (Thessaly) 5th cent. BC., Louvre
Fig. 19. ‘‘Urna Lovatelli,’’ with theme related to the Eleusinian Mysteries (2nd cent. AD)
Fig. 20. Skyphos from Cabeirion of Thebes decorating with mushroom formations. Late 5th cent. BC., National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Fig. 21. Stone urn from Etruria shaped in form of mushroom (700 B.C)
Fig. 22. Kuda-kallu (“umbrella-stone”) from Cheramangad, Kerala, India
Abbreviations
AΔ = Αρχαιολογικό Δελτίο
AnnMusRov = Annali dei Musei civici di Rovereto
BCom = Bullettino della Commissione archeologica comunale di Roma
ΓΓΠΑΜΘ = Γενική Γραμματεία Περιφέρειας Ανατολικής Μακεδονίας και Θράκης
EntR = Enteogen Review
JPD = Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
NSc = Notizie degli scavi di antichitá
ΠΑΕ = Πρακτικά Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρίας
Stavros D. Kiotsekoglou, Archaeologist, S.T.L.S.
Member of the History and Ethnology Department, D.U.TH. Email: stavroskiotsekoglou@gmail.com
Spyros P. Pagkalis, Geologist, indipendent researcher Email: s1234pyros@yahoo.com

PETROGLYPHS AND ENGRAVINGS REPRESENTATION ON THE ROCKS OF THE AEGEAN THRACE (EVROS PREFECTURE)

PETROGLYPHS AND ENGRAVINGS REPRESENTATION ON
THE ROCKS OF THE AEGEAN THRACE (EVROS PREFECTURE)
Stamatis Α. Palazis - Stavros D. Kiotsekoglou Petroglyphs are the primeval communication codes of mankind and help us to understand some facets of man’s thinking. The plentiful environment led him to represent nature through the depiction of beneficial and fertile forces on the area’s rocks. It is easily understood why these forces with proliferating abilities that ensured nature’s bounty took a female form, exactly as represented in the petroglyphs of central Evros, surrounded by erogenous (vaginal) symbols or sometimes with scales weighting the soul (psychostasia-ψυχοστασία). The South Evros engravings are perhaps expressions of the secret symbolism of the Thracian tribes that inhabited the area. All the above will be presented by Greek Open University and EKATAIOS for discussion at the First International Symposium, Megalithic Monuments and Cult Practices, Blagoevgrad 2012, in honor of Prof. Dr. Sc. Vasil Markov.
Petroglyphs: Grammeni Petra, at the region of Mandra
Photographic support: fig. 1, 2.
Dimensions: about 1x1,5x1 height, altitude: 1.55m
Found by S. Palazis, Date: 23-02-2012
Place: Three kilometers southwest of Mandra (village) there is a woody area that is known as Grammeni Petra. It is named after the stone hillock which lay by the rural road on a narrow spot of the ridge on which the petroglyphs are found. The stone hillock covers a circular area nearly 7-8 m. in diameter. The almost spherical west
Fig. 1. Engraved depiction female form framed by erogenus symbols (Design S. Palazis)
Fig. 2. Engraved depiction
female and male form
.
2
side of the hill bears engravings that could constitute a single entity with the engravings which have been located in the nearby broken rock debris.
Description: Numerous engraved depictions of erogenous symbols (vulvas) that frame an engraved portrayal of a feminine figure resembling a phallus with wide open arms. A smaller masculine figure has been engraved above it and is combined with more but difficult to interpret shapes.
Commentary: Version 1: Baubo(=Βαυβώ) and Iacchus depiction. The feminine deity of fertility whose name means vulva is called Baubo. The vulva portrayals aimed to invigorate the periodically weakened vital powers of men and nature because the depiction of the genitals ensured the fertility and relieved people from the evil spirits. People worshiped Baubo on the island of Paros along with Demeter, Persephone and Zeus Eubuleus. It is believed that this was the source of Baubo’s worship in the orphic religion (Kern 1897). According to a subsequent source women worshiped a vulva effigy (Burkert 1993, 499, 583). According to Clemens Alexandrinus (Protr. 2, 20, 21) the old slave woman Baubo (=Iambe) jested with Demeter not using obscene language but using her own naked body and the emerging form of Iacchus from her vulva, as referred to in the Orphic Hymn, in an attempt to console Demeter for her lost daughter but also to remind her the ability she had to give birth to other children (Devereux 2006, 23, 49, etc.).
Version 2: What may be reflected are the lines of the Hesiod’s Theogony where great
Uranus came, bringing on night and longing for love, and he lay about Gaia, (Ηes. Theog. 126-127) spreading himself full upon her or the orphic version about cosmogony, (Αr. Av. 693 κ εξ) whereby the Night produced an seedless Egg, from which Eros and Phanes, the creators of the world, sprang.
Petroglyphs: Franka at the region of Mandra
Photographic support: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Dimensions: about 1x1,5x1 height, altitude: 1.55m
Found by S. Palazis, Dates: 10-12-2011
Fig. 3. Anthropomorphic female deity (Design S.
Palazis)
Fig. 4. Arm with open palm
3
Place: 1,500 meters northwest to the Grammeni Petra petroglyphs and two kilometers south to Agriani village, behind the Arapi hill the Franka petroglyphs lay. Considering the Agriani village as the starting point, heading to the South and along the Franka stream, that stretches for two kilometers one should witness a small valley of approximately 5 hectares, through which the above-mentioned stream flows. Two rocky hillocks which bear inscribeded depictions and representations lay to the East of the valley, on the right bank of the stream at an altitude of 72 meters.
Part from the Franka petroglyphs on the first rock
Description: The first rock protrudes from the ground about 40 cm and its dimensions are 1.50x1.80 meters. Various engravings can be seen on the upper part; what is easily discernible is an open palm (fig.5) erogenous fertility symbols (vulva fig.6) a cross, something that resembles a bear footprint (fig.7) whereas other engravings are less obvious with thin superficial lines and difficult to interpret engravings. Among the above mentioned figures one that is clearly visible is a feminine human figure in shape of a phallus with the arms wide open. Its dimensions are 10x10.5 cm. On the left hand there can be seen five fingers whereas a branch is probably held in the right hand (Fig.3). If we have a close-up to the right of the figure, one can find a shape that resembles an arm leading to an open palm with five fingers while in the foreground one can see a cross, the horizontal lines of which form two vertical tridents on both sides (Fig. 4).
Fig. 5. Palm and around erogenous symbols
Fig. 6. Erogenous symbol
Fig.7. Footprint bear
4
Fig. 8. Rock with petroglyphs
Part from the Franka petroglyphs on the second rock
Place: Another rock of oval shape lays only one meter near the above mentioned rock and bears inscribed depictions and representations on its south vertical side.
Description: A trapezoid shape pattern with vertical lines, that resembles a plan of a ploughed field(?) lays below the erogenous symbol in the top right hand corner. What
Fig. 9. Scales psychostasia with erogenus and idols symbols (Design S. Palazis)
5
is more we can see an axis with scales on each side. An erogenous fertility symbol (vulva) and a linear representation of a human figure (idol) have been inscribed below each pan. The scales in the upper part is in balance whereas the scales in the lower part are unbalanced reflecting the relationship between the erogenous symbol and the human representation (idol). Next to the scales in the lower part there can be seen an inscribed representation of a hut(?) (Fig.8,9).
Commentary: The Book of the Dead shows us the Weighing of the Heart of the Dead which is also depicted on the wall paintings of the Egyptian burial chambers and in the images on the papyri (Fig.10) (Budge 1895, Pl. III, fig. 1,2,3).
The scales had a salient if not the utmost role both in the financial life and the general ideology of the Aegean Mycenaeans prior to the Homeric era as attested by the gold balances (Fig.12) that have been found in Mycenaean tombs and symbol the weighing of the Soul after death (Καλτσάς 2001, cat. nr. Π81). The Hommeric psychostasia is differently conceived, since Zeus sets up his balance and places the fatal destinies (=εἴδωλα or κῆρες, Ιl. 23,104. 5, 449, 451 etc.) of the people and determines who is to be killed in battle (Hom. Il. 22, 209 etc.). This version is also
Fig. 10. Weighing the heart of the dead in the presence of the Egyptian deities.
Fig. 11. Black-figure lekythos in
490 BC London UK Museum
Fig. 12. Gold scales psychostasia
Mycenaean period (1600 BC)
National Archaeological Museum
6
depicted in the black figure of lekythos, whereby the souls of the two warriors who are to fight a duel are represented in the balance held by Hermes (Fig.11). The need the Greek artists felt to depict the mortals’ souls in a different way than the souls of the dead, that is in form of invisible spirits floating by the ones who were alive appears at the dawn of the 7th cent. BC. Therefore the souls are depicted as tiny, slender and graceful feathered shadows that resemble butterflies. They are denuded of sex, facial characteristics or clothing (Παλαιοθόδωρος 2010). The idols that are inscribed through the petroglyphs on the second Franka rock below the psychostasia balance are identical of the above-mentioned description. The Greeks of the pre-Orphism differentiate between two aspects of souls, the soul of the alive, which is called θυμός, (Hom. Ιl. 7, 131. Οd. 11, 201, 203, 221) and the soul of the dead, which is called νέκυς (=dead) and εἴδωλο. The properties of θυμός are rage, fury, aggressiveness, love, hatred, joy, sadness, mourning, embarrassment, respect, bang which delineate the vital soul, since according to the Greeks what goes down to the Underworld is not the impersonal and shapeless θυμός, which reincarnates into another person or creature; it is rather a personal and idol soul, a spiritual image, the ghost of the dead, the soul of the dead.
The genitals, be they masculine or feminine (fig.1,3,6,8,9,13,14) are considered an indication of vital power and hence symbols of the vital soul and apparently it is this vital soul which is symbolized through the erogenous symbols around the psychostasia balance next to the idol (the soul of the dead) (fig.9). The diversity depends on the mood of the Thracian artist to depict the two souls to be judged symbolically, each of which is depicted below the pans of the balance through the idol (miniature) and the vital soul (erogenous symbol). The death of the vital soul of the balance in the lower part leads to the birth of the vital soul in another life (reincarnation), (Λεκατσά 2000, 6-12, 18, 70. Rhode 1925, 6,51,55 etc.).
Fig. 13. Erogenous symbol from the place Pournali
Fig. 14. Erogenous symbol from the place Vathyrema
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On the aforementioned petroglyphs
All the petroglyphs unveil the presence of an ideology, a system of beliefs and values which is associated with religion, which in turn answers the questions each human being poses: Who am I? What are my origins? What happens after death?
It is beyond a shadow of a doubt that the central element in the religious life of Thrace particularly in the region of central Evros is an omnipotent feminine deity, which represents the continuation and rebirth of life in aeternum. The inscribed representation of the erogenous symbols (vulva) in all the images without exception represent the sacred power and denote motherhood, fertility and thus the creation of life. It is the means of the various versions of the Sacred Marriage and also the means through which God fertilizes women and the Earth. However the whole figure is not of significance; it is only that part which represents the entirety. Those symbols deriving from the female body are religious symbols of the creation of life and are characteristic of the Prehistoric Paleolithic and Neolithic Era (fig.15), during which a female deity is worshiped since the female power played a widespread religious part: being the creator of life, it reflected the matrilineal system, which was prevalent in those days (Gimbutas 2001, 94, 161 etc.).
The long wide-open arms resulting in wide-open fingers resembling a priest stance might depict some power, something that has occurred or might occur, an active power (Sansoni - Gavaldο 2001- 2002.) The Thracian artist has inscribed this
exact feminine deity in shape of a phallus surrounded by erogenous symbols at Grammeni Petra.(Fig. 1,2) The feminine deity has a salient position of authority,
Fig. 15. Carved vulva lovated on top the temble Lepenski Vir, late 7th millenium
Fig 16. Fragments Thracian ceramic from the Late Bronze Age until the end of the first millennium BC.
8
whereas the masculine figure, which has been inscribed above plays a secondary role, might have been her husband or son. The masculine figure is also a symbol of authority, expresses sexual power and might be purified and/ or transformed into spiritual power (Ηarrison 1995-97, 78, 166 ).
The anthropomorphic feminine deity in the shape of a phallus which has been inscribed at Franca (fig.3) is of the same style, surrounded by erogenous symbols, an arm and a palm inscribed on the stone (fig.4) and solely a palm. (Fig.5) The open palm recurs on petroglyphs and might denote possession, power, supremacy or even supernatural beings that are distinguished by the enormous arms. (Fig.7) It is therefore a sign which denotes their presence and their dissimilarity from human-beings.
George Vizyinos associated Babo of the recent tradition with Baubo of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which according to the Orphic tradition was referred to as Iacchus’(=Dionysus) nurse, a fact which will later be attested by N. Politis. (Θρακιώτης 1991, 148) Behind the temporary, ridiculous representation of Babo’s character, who along with her wooden figurine, her premature baby who lies in the cot, carries only few magic connotations, one must trace the underlying signs that at some point in the long distant past these might have acted as substitutes of rites, reminding us of the Baubo myth. The myth is ascertained by Comparative Ethnology and is also validate herein through the images provided (Varvounis 2003.
Παπαμανώλη 2008, 62).
Next to the feminine, anthropomorphic deity in shape of a phallus a psychostasia balance has been inscribed (Πολυμέρου 1987-1998). The coexistence and identification of the vital soul (erogenous symbol) and the dead soul (idol) is apparent; this identification is the idea of the blissful survival, to which the Orpheus followers are led through reincarnation. Depicting the erogenous symbols on the psychostasia balance testify the direct association of chthonic and life giving Baubo, who is an aspect of Great Mother with the teachings of the Orphic religion according to Clement of Alexandria (Protr. 2,20,21). According to the Orphic tradition Baubo of the Eleusinian mysteries substitutes Iambe, personification of the comic element at those mysteries where the rituals were of a serious and melancholic character. Baubo is for the first time referred to in the Orphic hymn and introduces comically lascivious verses at the Festivals of Demeter (Devereux 2006).
Chronology: Depicting anthropomorphic deities creates liaisons with a historical period, especiall the post-Homeric and Hesiodic period, as was the case with
9
depicting idols lacking facial characteristics. In the 4th and 5th century Plato believed in the immortality of soul, which is due to be repeatedly reincarnated which in contrast to the Aristotelian philosophy which denied the immortality of soul. The prehistoric hand-made pottery of the Late Bronze Age (Hoddinott 2001, 98-99) from the Vigla peak which is situated 1.5 Km as well as the relief pottery which dates back to the Late Bronze Age up to the 1st century BC., functions as the archaeological context of the petroglyphs. (Fig. 16) The engravings on the surface do not support any further information about the artist. Thus, I would suggest we date them to a time between the Late Bronze Era and the 1st cent. BC with more possible date the period from the 7th cent. BC to the end of the pre-Christian millennium .
Engravings in the village Iana (Alexandropolis) Photographic support: 17, 18.
Found by S. Kiotsekoglou and A. Nalbantis, Dates: 10-12-2011
Description: On a rocky hillock which lies at the Iana village one can see deep engravings, some of which end into small round-shaped basins (fig.17) On another flat hillock close to the above-mentioned one can see small basins, which may attest the Thracians’ astronomic knowledg (Fig. 18).
Bibliography
Varvounis, G.M., 2003. Balkan Resultants and Folkloristic Influences in the Thracian Dromenon of Babo, Παρνασσός, 35, pp.253-264.
Budge, E.A.W., 1895. The Book of the Dead, The Papyrus of Ani, Dover Publications Inc., New York.
Burkert, W., 1993. Griechische Religion der archaischen und klassischen Epoche, series Die Religionen der
Menscheit, Vol.15, Uster 1977, Gr. Transl., Ν. Mπεζαντάκος-Α. Αβαγιανού, Καρδαμίτσα, Athens.
Devereux, G., 2006. Baubo, la vulve mythique, Paris 1983, Gr. Transl. Γ.Τόλιας, Ολκός ΕΠΕ, Athens.
Gimbutas, M., 2001. The Living Goddesses, Berkeley 1991, Gr. Transl. N. Σιδέρη, Αρχέτυπο, Τhessaloniki.
Fig. 17. Engravings with small round basins
Fig. 18. Small round basins
10
Harrison, J.E.,1995-97. Prolegomena to the Greek religion, Cambridge 1903, Gr.Transl. B.Tάτση, Ιάμβλιχος, Athens.
Hoddinott, R. F. 2001. The Thracians, Thames & Hudson, 1981, Gr.Transl. Ε. Αστερίου, Οδυσσέας, Athens.
Θρακιώτης, Κ., 1991. Λαϊκή πίστη και θρησκεία στη Θράκη, Ρήσσος, Athens.
Καλτσάς, Ν., 2001. Τα γλυπτά. Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο, κατάλογος, Kapon, Athens.
Kern, O., 1897. s.v. ‘‘Baubo,’’ RE, 3,1, pp.150-151.
Λεκατσά, Π., 2000. Η ψυχή. Η ιδέα της ψυχής και της αθανασίας της και τα έθιμα του θανάτου, Καστανιώτη, Athens.
Παλαιοθόδωρος, Δ., 2010. Οι απεικονίσεις των ψυχών στην αρχαία τέχνη, Αρχαιολογία και Τέχνη, 118, pp.7-13.
Παπαμανώλη, A., 2008. O Eραστής της Γης, Αρχαιολογία και Τέχνη, 109, pp.61-65.
Πολυμέρου - Καμηλάκη, Α., 1987-1998. Μετρήσεις: Συμβολισμοί και Πραγματικότητα, ΕΚΕΕΛ, 28, pp. 5-28
Rohde, E., 1925. Psyche. The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality among the Ancient Greeks, Engl. Transl., W.B. Hillis, Routledge, London .
Sansoni U. - Gavaldo S., 2001-2002. L’ ipotesi sciamanica nell’arte rupestre della Valcamonica. Note per un’indagine, in AA. VV., 2001-2002, Sciamanismo e mito, Atti del XVI Valcamonica Symposium, 24-29 Settembre 1998, BCSP, 33, pp.49-56
Abbreviations
BCSP = Bullettino Camuno di Studi Preistorici
ΕΚΕΕΛ = Επιτηρίς του Κέντρου Ερεύνης της Ελληνικής Λαογραφίας, RE = Real-Encyclopadie, Paulys Wissova
Stavros D. Kiotsekoglou, Archaeologist, S.T.L.S.
Member of the History and Ethnology Department, D.U.TH.
Email: stavroskiotsekoglou@gmail.com
Stamatis A. Palazis, Designer, indipendent researcher

GRAVE- HEROON DUG IN THE ROCK IN THE REGION OF THE VILLAGE OF KIRKI

GRAVE- HEROON DUG IN THE ROCK IN THE REGION OF THE VILLAGE OF KIRKI
Stavros D. Kiotsekoglou
SWU Neofit Rilski, Special Technical Laboratory Staff of Department History-Ethnology of Democritus University of Thrace
In one of the many rocky elevations in old mines Kirki a tomb carved in limestone rock was spotted. The characteristic appearance of the tomb to the riverbed of Kirki Peace cavities for offers and the small carved altar with characteristic groove, document its use as a grave. There are two entrances, the left - oriented western and southwestern right lead to a low yet long burial site. The two doors as Homer and Porphyry point out are predestined as follows: the north portal for the mortal soul to be reborn and the southern gateway to the immortal or deified soul.
With respect to the two-door rock - hewn tomb monument in which we find the altar trough basin structure probably indicates devotional ritual to a cinder dead leader – a hero rather than a simple votive space used for placing deals in the cavities of the rock. In place of the deceased can be a woman, wife or mother of the chief ruler of the region.The flowing water of the river symbolizes the continuous substance and contributes to the genesis and the two doors leading to the interpretation that Dr Valeria Fol described and the Etruscan tomb, as I believe, illustrates.
Keywords: Kirki Peace, tomb
Location: it is located near the old mines Kirki, next to the dirt road that leads from the village Kirki to the road Avas - Aisymi.

Description: In one of the many rocky elevations in old mines Kirki a tomb carved in limestone rock was spotted (Pic. 1) The characteristic appearance of the tomb to the riverbed of Kirki Peace (Pic. 2) cavities for offers and the small carved altar with characteristic groove, document its use as a grave. There are two entrances, the left - oriented western and southwestern right lead to a low yet long burial site. At the top of the rocky sixes, there is another shallow burial niche of southwestern direction, flanked with cavities for offers (Pic. 3). On the right of the burial there is a small carved altar with a spout (Pic. 4).

Pic. 1 Carved tomb monument with Pic. .2 Carved tomb monument facing two doors the river Peace


Pic. 3 Shallow burial niche framed Pic. 4. Carved altar with spout
cavitated bids

Comments: The Director of Thrakological Institute Valeria Fol, in her article Rock-Cut Caves with two Entrances or the Model of the Kosmos1 quotes from the Odyssey, based on which she interprets archaeological findings identified in Bulgarian Thrace and share common characteristics with those from the extract of the Odyssey that she quotes. What does the enigmatic Homeric reference to the cave of Ithaca (see Pic. 5-6) indicate?

Hom. Od. 13. 102-112
αὐτὰρ ἐπὶ κρατὸς λιμένος τανύφυλλος ἐλαίη, 102
ἀγχόθι δ᾽ αὐτῆς ἄντρον ἐπήρατον ἠεροειδές,
ἱρὸν νυμφάων αἱ νηϊάδες καλέονται.
ἐν δὲ κρητῆρές τε καὶ ἀμφιφορῆες ἔασι 105
λάϊνοι· ἔνθα δ᾽ ἔπειτα τιθαιβώσσουσι μέλισσαι.
ἐν δ᾽ ἱστοὶ λίθεοι περιμήκεες, ἔνθα τε νύμφαι
φάρε᾽ ὑφαίνουσιν ἁλιπόρφυρα, θαῦμα ἰδέσθαι·
ἐν δ᾽ ὕδατ᾽ ἀενάοντα. δύω δέ τέ οἱ θύραι εἰσίν,
αἱ μὲν πρὸς Βορέαο καταιβαταὶ ἀνθρώποισιν, 110
αἱ δ᾽ αὖ πρὸς Νότου εἰσὶ θεώτεραι· οὐδέ τι κείνῃ
ἄνδρες ἐσέρχονται, ἀλλ᾽ ἀθανάτων ὁδός ἐστιν.

Translation
At the head of the harbour is a long-leafed olive tree, and near it a pleasant, shadowy cave sacred to the nymphs that are called Naiads.[105] Therein are mixing bowls and jars of stone, and there, too, the bees store honey. And in the cave are long looms of stone, at which the nymphs weave webs of purple dye, a wonder to behold; and therein are also ever-flowing springs. Two doors there are to the cave, [110] one toward the North
Wind, by which men go down, but the toward the South Wind is sacred, nor do men enter thereby; it is the way of the immortals.
Apparently the extract includes implicit theological symbolism which the philosopher Porphyry2 reveals, starting from Cosmogony, as he interprets the Cave as a symbol of the Universe, refers to the existence of two doors in the cave one for people and one reserved for the gods, where through interpretation of symbolism the various elements described, he reaches Hesiod. These considerations are documented based on the whole Sacramental Tradition, such as the teaching of Orpheus, the Pythagoreans, Empedokle, Plato, without ignoring the teachings of other national traditions.
Valeria Fol reports that several caves carved temples with two doors have been identified in the eastern Rhodope Mountains, which until recently have been identified as tombs. These caves carved temples have a horizontal port and a second port on the roof of chamber.3 This fact differentiates the bivalve grave - monument Kirki whose entrances are oriented west and southwest, facing the River Peace flowing thirty meters from the grave - hero, the interior of which does not fit more than one recumbent dead. That is why we call it the grave - heroon, because the dimensions of the rock carvings chamber are too small to be considered a temple.4 On the contrary, the description of the rock-cut cave - temples of Bulgaria is identical with the antral Ithaca as the following pictures show.

Pic. 5 Admission for the dead, exterior view. Source: (http://kleio2012.blogspot.gr/2013/03/blog-post_14.html 21-05-2014)

Pic. 6 The output for immortals top of the Cave of the Nymphs of Ithaca

The tomb in the village of Nipsa which was identified, described and published by Thanasis Kougkoulo, belong to this category of tombs with a chamber (4 m2) with two entrances, one horizontal and one on the roof of the tomb. Dr Kougkoulos argues: “The careful construction of carved tomb must be attributed to the local ruling class. Furthermore in the Mycenaean times burial vaults highlight the nobility.”5 It is probably a cave-temple or a grave-heroon6 a Thracian ruler of the region (Pic. 7-8).


Pic. 7 Northwestern entrance of the grave of Nipsa

Pic.8. The other entrance or output on the roof of the grave of Nipsa

The two doors as Homer7 and Porphyry8 point out are predestined as follows: the north portal for the mortal soul to be reborn and the southern gateway to the immortal or deified soul. The existence of two gates agrees with the bivalve grave –
heroon of Kirki, only the entrances of the latter is west and southwest. This fact does not remove the interpretative approach of grave - heroon Kirki according to the Orphic - Pythagorean interpretation of these symbols, and the Neo-Platonic construction of the world. Theologians and Plato taught that there are two gates of souls, the Sun and the Moon. From the gate of the Moon the souls descend whereas from the gate of the Sun they rise.9

Pic. 9 The Etruscan Tomb of the Bulls with two doors Source: (http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomba_dei_Tori 21-05-2014)

The median part of the affresco depicts the land world of the Etruscans, immune from our false morality.
The Etruscan Tomb of the Bulls with two doors is located on the eastern part of the necropolis of Tarquinia Monterozzzi in the province of Viterbo. The pictorial decoration of the facade of the tomb dated to the middle and late archaism (540-530 BC), using stylistic elements derived from the Greek culture of Ionia.10
What matters in this article are the two ports on the Etruscan tomb and the display of bulls and sexual acts on the frieze. Above the left gate a seated bull resting combined with the display of a heterosexual act is depicted, while above the right gate an aggressive bull with a human face on the move and with the genitals erect directed to two young men illustrated in homosexuality act are shown.11 Bearing in mind the reference.
Porphyry12 "... καὶ ψυχαὶ δ´ εἰς γένεσιν ἰοῦσαι βουγενεῖς…"(= and the souls who are born are boas) and the relevant literature where the soul on earth is depicted as a bull,13 according to my personal interpretive perspective, we could approach the interpretation of the decoration of Etruscan tomb and two doors , the left hand as a gateway to genesis , where the bull - soul accepts the fertilizing intercourse favoring the incarnation of the soul , whereas the right as a portal for already deified or immortal souls which do not need another genesis. The aggressive bull with a human face is usually a guard that protects a city, a treasure or gates, banishes evil and is apotropaic.14 On the right gate its movement is jeering the homosexual act, which does not help the incarnation of the soul. This means, according to Hesiod and the Greek religion, which the Etruscans, people of Anatolian origin, loved dearly along with the Greek mythology, that souls after regenerating will traverse the path of Higher Worlds and being immortal will continue their evolutionary path, without the coarse body, to senior worlds to become heroes, demons, gods etc.
In summary, with respect to the two-door rock - hewn tomb monument in which we find the altar trough basin structure probably indicates devotional ritual to a cinder dead leader – a hero rather than a simple votive space used for placing deals in the cavities of the rock (Pic. 4). In place of the deceased can be a woman, wife or mother of the chief ruler of the region. The flowing water of the river symbolizes the continuous substance and contributes to the genesis and the two
doors leading to the interpretation that Dr Valeria Fol described and the Etruscan tomb, as I believe, illustrates.
Dating: The lack of context in and around the grave - heroon of Kirki, leads to relative chronology based so far identified and dating sites that are similar in Bulgaria, date back to between the 6th and dawn of the 4th century BC. According P. Delev the tombs with two openings dating about 9th-8th century B.C.15


1. Fol (2003), 239-250
2. Porphyr. (1998), 82-130
3. Fol (2003), 241
4. Fol (2003), 246-247
5. Κούγκουλος (1992-1994), 131
6. Gergova (1984), 234 ff.
7. Hom Od. 109-112
8. Porphyr. (1998), Cap. 20
9. Porphyr. (1998), Cap. 29
10. Giuliano (1969), 3-26
11. Giuliano (1969), 3-26; Bandinelli, R. B. e Torelli M. (1986), sceda 92
12. Porphyr. (1998), Cap. 18 (souls that go to birth called vougeneis)
13. Pavan (2000), 80. In Crete, the bull seems to represent the reproductive power of nature
14. Cooper (1992), 497
15. Delev (1978), 190-191


Βibliography
Bandinelli R.B. e Torelli M. (1986). Etruria-Roma in L'arte dell’antichità classica, UTET, Torino
Bandinelli R. B. e Torelli M. (1986). Etruria-Roma in L'arte dell’antichità classica, UTET, Torino
Cooper J. (1992). An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Traditional Symbols, London 1978, see. gr. trans. Α. Τσάκαλης, ed. Πύρινος Κόσμος, Athens
Delev P. (1978). Problems of the Thracian Megalithic Culture, Pulpudeva 3, 1978, 189-192
Fol V. (2003). Rock-Cut Caves with two Entrances or the model of the Cosmos, Thracia 15, 2003, In honour of Alexander Fol's 70th Anniversary, 239-250
Gergova D.(1984). Thracian burial rites of Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, in Thracians and Mycenaeans, Proceedins of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology Rotterdam, 24-26 September 1984, Sofia 1989, 234 ff.
Giuliano A. (1969). Osservazioni sulle pitture della Tomba dei Tori a Tarquinia, Studi Etruschi 37, 1969, 3-26
Κούγκουλος Αθ. (1992-1994). Προϊστορική έρευνα στη Νίψα του Έβρου, Θρακική Επετηρίδα 9, 1992-1994, 127-162
Pavan A. R. (2000) Iniziazone ai culti egizi: divinita, simboli, rituali, magia, amuleti, invocazioni, ed. Mediterraneo
Porphyry (1998). Περί του εν Οδύσσεια των Νυμφών Άντρου, Commentary Άγις και Παν. Μαρίνης, ed. Ιδεοθέατρον, Athens